Synaptic Transmission - Revision history

Wordpad: BloomWiki: Synaptic Transmission

2026-04-25T01:58:49Z

BloomWiki: Synaptic Transmission

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:58, 25 April 2026
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			<div style="background-color: #4B0082; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
	{{BloomIntro}}		{{BloomIntro}}
	Synaptic Transmission is the process by which one neuron communicates with another. While electrical signals travel ''down'' a neuron like a wire, they cannot jump the tiny gap—the '''Synapse'''—between cells. To cross this gap, the brain converts the electrical signal into a chemical one called a '''Neurotransmitter'''. This chemical "messenger" travels across the gap and binds to the next neuron, triggering a new electrical signal. This complex dance of electricity and chemistry is the basis for every thought, emotion, and movement you have. It is the most fundamental unit of information processing in the human brain.		Synaptic Transmission is the process by which one neuron communicates with another. While electrical signals travel ''down'' a neuron like a wire, they cannot jump the tiny gap—the '''Synapse'''—between cells. To cross this gap, the brain converts the electrical signal into a chemical one called a '''Neurotransmitter'''. This chemical "messenger" travels across the gap and binds to the next neuron, triggering a new electrical signal. This complex dance of electricity and chemistry is the basis for every thought, emotion, and movement you have. It is the most fundamental unit of information processing in the human brain.
			</div>

	== Remembering ==		__TOC__

			<div style="background-color: #000080; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
			== <span style="color: #FFFFFF;">Remembering</span> ==
	* '''Synaptic Transmission''' — The process of communication between neurons via chemical messengers.		* '''Synaptic Transmission''' — The process of communication between neurons via chemical messengers.
	* '''Neurotransmitter''' — A chemical substance released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse.		* '''Neurotransmitter''' — A chemical substance released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse.
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	* '''Agonist''' — A drug that mimics or increases the effect of a neurotransmitter.		* '''Agonist''' — A drug that mimics or increases the effect of a neurotransmitter.
	* '''Antagonist''' — A drug that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter.		* '''Antagonist''' — A drug that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter.
			</div>

	== Understanding ==		<div style="background-color: #006400; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
			== <span style="color: #FFFFFF;">Understanding</span> ==
	Synaptic transmission is a '''Relay Race''' between electricity and chemistry.		Synaptic transmission is a '''Relay Race''' between electricity and chemistry.

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	'''The "Chemical Soup"''': Your mood and behavior are determined by the balance of these chemicals. Too much Dopamine can lead to Schizophrenia; too little can lead to Parkinson's. Many medications (like SSRIs for depression) work by changing the speed of this "Cleanup" phase.		'''The "Chemical Soup"''': Your mood and behavior are determined by the balance of these chemicals. Too much Dopamine can lead to Schizophrenia; too little can lead to Parkinson's. Many medications (like SSRIs for depression) work by changing the speed of this "Cleanup" phase.
			</div>

	== Applying ==		<div style="background-color: #8B0000; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
			== <span style="color: #FFFFFF;">Applying</span> ==
	'''Modeling 'Synaptic Firing' (Threshold Logic):'''		'''Modeling 'Synaptic Firing' (Threshold Logic):'''
	<syntaxhighlight lang="python">		<syntaxhighlight lang="python">
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	: '''Endorphins''' → The brain's natural "painkillers"; released during intense exercise (Runner's High) or stress.		: '''Endorphins''' → The brain's natural "painkillers"; released during intense exercise (Runner's High) or stress.
	: '''Oxytocin''' → "The Cuddle Hormone"; associated with social bonding, trust, and empathy.		: '''Oxytocin''' → "The Cuddle Hormone"; associated with social bonding, trust, and empathy.
			</div>

	== Analyzing ==		<div style="background-color: #8B4500; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
			== <span style="color: #FFFFFF;">Analyzing</span> ==
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+ Electrical vs. Chemical Communication		\|+ Electrical vs. Chemical Communication
Line 85:		Line 96:

	'''The Concept of "Neurotransmission Modulation"''': Most drugs (legal and illegal) work here. Alcohol mimics GABA (increasing inhibition, which is why it's a "depressant"). Caffeine blocks Adenosine (the "sleepiness" chemical). Analyzing these "interferences" is the core of '''Psychopharmacology'''.		'''The Concept of "Neurotransmission Modulation"''': Most drugs (legal and illegal) work here. Alcohol mimics GABA (increasing inhibition, which is why it's a "depressant"). Caffeine blocks Adenosine (the "sleepiness" chemical). Analyzing these "interferences" is the core of '''Psychopharmacology'''.
			</div>

	== Evaluating ==		<div style="background-color: #483D8B; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
			== <span style="color: #FFFFFF;">Evaluating</span> ==
	Evaluating a neurotransmitter theory:		Evaluating a neurotransmitter theory:
	# '''Specificity''': Is the chemical only doing one thing, or is it used all over the body (which causes side effects)?		# '''Specificity''': Is the chemical only doing one thing, or is it used all over the body (which causes side effects)?
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	# '''Time Scale''': Is the effect instant (Fast synaptic) or long-lasting (Neuromodulation)?		# '''Time Scale''': Is the effect instant (Fast synaptic) or long-lasting (Neuromodulation)?
	# '''Homeostasis''': How does the brain "push back" if we try to change its chemistry (leading to tolerance and withdrawal)?		# '''Homeostasis''': How does the brain "push back" if we try to change its chemistry (leading to tolerance and withdrawal)?
			</div>

	== Creating ==		<div style="background-color: #2F4F4F; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 15px;">
			== <span style="color: #FFFFFF;">Creating</span> ==
	Future Frontiers:		Future Frontiers:
	# '''Wireless Brain Interfaces''': Using magnetic or light signals to trigger synaptic firing without wires.		# '''Wireless Brain Interfaces''': Using magnetic or light signals to trigger synaptic firing without wires.
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	[[Category:Biology]]		[[Category:Biology]]
	[[Category:Chemistry]]		[[Category:Chemistry]]
			</div>

Wordpad: BloomWiki: Synaptic Transmission

2026-04-23T14:38:08Z

BloomWiki: Synaptic Transmission

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 23 April 2026
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	== Evaluating ==		== Evaluating ==
	Evaluating a neurotransmitter theory: ~~(1)~~ '''Specificity''': Is the chemical only doing one thing, or is it used all over the body (which causes side effects)? ~~(2)~~ '''Location''': Where in the brain is the transmission happening? (Dopamine in the "Movement" center vs. the "Reward" center). ~~(3)~~ '''Time Scale''': Is the effect instant (Fast synaptic) or long-lasting (Neuromodulation)? ~~(4)~~ '''Homeostasis''': How does the brain "push back" if we try to change its chemistry (leading to tolerance and withdrawal)?		Evaluating a neurotransmitter theory:
			# '''Specificity''': Is the chemical only doing one thing, or is it used all over the body (which causes side effects)?
			# '''Location''': Where in the brain is the transmission happening? (Dopamine in the "Movement" center vs. the "Reward" center).
			# '''Time Scale''': Is the effect instant (Fast synaptic) or long-lasting (Neuromodulation)?
			# '''Homeostasis''': How does the brain "push back" if we try to change its chemistry (leading to tolerance and withdrawal)?

	== Creating ==		== Creating ==
	Future Frontiers: ~~(1)~~ '''Wireless Brain Interfaces''': Using magnetic or light signals to trigger synaptic firing without wires. ~~(2)~~ '''Designer Neurotransmitters''': Creating chemicals that only bind to specific, genetically-modified receptors (DREADDs). ~~(3)~~ '''Artificial Synapses''': Building "Memristors" that mimic the learning behavior of real synapses for AI hardware. ~~(4)~~ '''Synapse Mapping (The Connectome)''': Mapping every one of the 100 trillion synapses in the human brain to see exactly how "You" are wired.		Future Frontiers:
			# '''Wireless Brain Interfaces''': Using magnetic or light signals to trigger synaptic firing without wires.
			# '''Designer Neurotransmitters''': Creating chemicals that only bind to specific, genetically-modified receptors (DREADDs).
			# '''Artificial Synapses''': Building "Memristors" that mimic the learning behavior of real synapses for AI hardware.
			# '''Synapse Mapping (The Connectome)''': Mapping every one of the 100 trillion synapses in the human brain to see exactly how "You" are wired.

	[[Category:Neuroscience]]		[[Category:Neuroscience]]
	[[Category:Biology]]		[[Category:Biology]]
	[[Category:Chemistry]]		[[Category:Chemistry]]

Wordpad: BloomWiki: Synaptic Transmission

2026-04-23T14:28:55Z

BloomWiki: Synaptic Transmission

Wordpad: BloomWiki: Synaptic Transmission

2026-04-23T14:23:01Z

BloomWiki: Synaptic Transmission

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:23, 23 April 2026
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	{{BloomIntro}}		{{BloomIntro}}
	Synaptic Transmission is the process by which one neuron communicates with another. While electrical signals travel down a neuron like a wire, they cannot jump the tiny gap—the Synapse—between cells. To cross this gap, the brain converts the electrical signal into a chemical one called a Neurotransmitter. This chemical "messenger" travels across the gap and binds to the next neuron, triggering a new electrical signal. This complex dance of electricity and chemistry is the basis for every thought, emotion, and movement you have. It is the most fundamental unit of information processing in the human brain.		Synaptic Transmission is the process by which one neuron communicates with another. While electrical signals travel down a neuron like a wire, they cannot jump the tiny gap—the '''Synapse'''—between cells. To cross this gap, the brain converts the electrical signal into a chemical one called a '''Neurotransmitter'''. This chemical "messenger" travels across the gap and binds to the next neuron, triggering a new electrical signal. This complex dance of electricity and chemistry is the basis for every thought, emotion, and movement you have. It is the most fundamental unit of information processing in the human brain.

	== Remembering ==		== Remembering ==
Line 20:		Line 20:

	== Understanding ==		== Understanding ==
	Synaptic transmission is a Relay Race between electricity and chemistry.		Synaptic transmission is a '''Relay Race''' between electricity and chemistry.

	1. The Arrival (Electrical):		'''1. The Arrival (Electrical)''':
	An electrical "Action Potential" races down the axon. When it hits the end, it triggers the opening of "Calcium Channels."		An electrical "Action Potential" races down the axon. When it hits the end, it triggers the opening of "Calcium Channels."

	2. The Release (Chemical):		'''2. The Release (Chemical)''':
	The calcium causes the Vesicles to fuse with the cell wall, dumping their neurotransmitters into the Synaptic Cleft. This is like a key being thrown across a room.		The calcium causes the '''Vesicles''' to fuse with the cell wall, dumping their neurotransmitters into the '''Synaptic Cleft'''. This is like a key being thrown across a room.

	3. The Binding (Reception):		'''3. The Binding (Reception)''':
	The neurotransmitters find their specific Receptors on the next neuron (The "Lock").		The neurotransmitters find their specific '''Receptors''' on the next neuron (The "Lock").
	* Excitatory: Opens gates that make the next neuron more likely to fire.		* '''Excitatory''': Opens gates that make the next neuron more likely to fire.
	* Inhibitory: Opens gates that make the next neuron less likely to fire.		* '''Inhibitory''': Opens gates that make the next neuron less likely to fire.

	4. The Cleanup (Resetting):		'''4. The Cleanup (Resetting)''':
	The brain must reset the synapse instantly. It does this via:		The brain must reset the synapse instantly. It does this via:
	* Reuptake: Sucking the chemicals back in.		* '''Reuptake''': Sucking the chemicals back in.
	* Enzymatic Degradation: "Chopping up" the chemicals in the gap.		* '''Enzymatic Degradation''': "Chopping up" the chemicals in the gap.
	This ensures the signal is "crisp" and doesn't just hang around forever.		This ensures the signal is "crisp" and doesn't just hang around forever.

	The "Chemical Soup": Your mood and behavior are determined by the balance of these chemicals. Too much Dopamine can lead to Schizophrenia; too little can lead to Parkinson's. Many medications (like SSRIs for depression) work by changing the speed of this "Cleanup" phase.		'''The "Chemical Soup"''': Your mood and behavior are determined by the balance of these chemicals. Too much Dopamine can lead to Schizophrenia; too little can lead to Parkinson's. Many medications (like SSRIs for depression) work by changing the speed of this "Cleanup" phase.

	== Applying ==		== Applying ==
Line 84:		Line 84:
	\|}		\|}

	The Concept of "Neurotransmission Modulation": Most drugs (legal and illegal) work here. Alcohol mimics GABA (increasing inhibition, which is why it's a "depressant"). Caffeine blocks Adenosine (the "sleepiness" chemical). Analyzing these "interferences" is the core of Psychopharmacology.		'''The Concept of "Neurotransmission Modulation"''': Most drugs (legal and illegal) work here. Alcohol mimics GABA (increasing inhibition, which is why it's a "depressant"). Caffeine blocks Adenosine (the "sleepiness" chemical). Analyzing these "interferences" is the core of '''Psychopharmacology'''.

	== Evaluating ==		== Evaluating ==
	Evaluating a neurotransmitter theory: (1) Specificity: Is the chemical only doing one thing, or is it used all over the body (which causes side effects)? (2) Location: Where in the brain is the transmission happening? (Dopamine in the "Movement" center vs. the "Reward" center). (3) Time Scale: Is the effect instant (Fast synaptic) or long-lasting (Neuromodulation)? (4) Homeostasis: How does the brain "push back" if we try to change its chemistry (leading to tolerance and withdrawal)?		Evaluating a neurotransmitter theory: (1) '''Specificity''': Is the chemical only doing one thing, or is it used all over the body (which causes side effects)? (2) '''Location''': Where in the brain is the transmission happening? (Dopamine in the "Movement" center vs. the "Reward" center). (3) '''Time Scale''': Is the effect instant (Fast synaptic) or long-lasting (Neuromodulation)? (4) '''Homeostasis''': How does the brain "push back" if we try to change its chemistry (leading to tolerance and withdrawal)?

	== Creating ==		== Creating ==
	Future Frontiers: (1) Wireless Brain Interfaces: Using magnetic or light signals to trigger synaptic firing without wires. (2) Designer Neurotransmitters: Creating chemicals that only bind to specific, genetically-modified receptors (DREADDs). (3) Artificial Synapses: Building "Memristors" that mimic the learning behavior of real synapses for AI hardware. (4) Synapse Mapping (The Connectome): Mapping every one of the 100 trillion synapses in the human brain to see exactly how "You" are wired.		Future Frontiers: (1) '''Wireless Brain Interfaces''': Using magnetic or light signals to trigger synaptic firing without wires. (2) '''Designer Neurotransmitters''': Creating chemicals that only bind to specific, genetically-modified receptors (DREADDs). (3) '''Artificial Synapses''': Building "Memristors" that mimic the learning behavior of real synapses for AI hardware. (4) '''Synapse Mapping (The Connectome)''': Mapping every one of the 100 trillion synapses in the human brain to see exactly how "You" are wired.

	[[Category:Neuroscience]]		[[Category:Neuroscience]]
	[[Category:Biology]]		[[Category:Biology]]
	[[Category:Chemistry]]		[[Category:Chemistry]]

Wordpad: BloomWiki: Synaptic Transmission

2026-04-23T13:47:58Z

BloomWiki: Synaptic Transmission

New page

{{BloomIntro}}
Synaptic Transmission is the process by which one neuron communicates with another. While electrical signals travel *down* a neuron like a wire, they cannot jump the tiny gap—the **Synapse**—between cells. To cross this gap, the brain converts the electrical signal into a chemical one called a **Neurotransmitter**. This chemical "messenger" travels across the gap and binds to the next neuron, triggering a new electrical signal. This complex dance of electricity and chemistry is the basis for every thought, emotion, and movement you have. It is the most fundamental unit of information processing in the human brain.

== Remembering ==
* '''Synaptic Transmission''' — The process of communication between neurons via chemical messengers.
* '''Neurotransmitter''' — A chemical substance released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse.
* '''Axon''' — The long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted.
* '''Dendrite''' — The branched extensions of a nerve cell that receive signals from other neurons.
* '''Action Potential''' — The "all-or-nothing" electrical impulse that travels down an axon.
* '''Synaptic Cleft''' — The microscopic gap between the sending and receiving neurons.
* '''Vesicle''' — A tiny "bubble" inside the neuron that stores neurotransmitters.
* '''Receptor''' — A protein on the receiving neuron that "catches" the neurotransmitter.
* '''Reuptake''' — The process by which the sending neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitters from the gap.
* '''Dopamine''' — A neurotransmitter associated with reward, motivation, and motor control.
* '''Serotonin''' — A neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation, sleep, and appetite.
* '''Glutamate''' — The primary "Excitatory" neurotransmitter (it tells the next neuron to fire).
* '''GABA''' — The primary "Inhibitory" neurotransmitter (it tells the next neuron *not* to fire).
* '''Agonist''' — A drug that mimics or increases the effect of a neurotransmitter.
* '''Antagonist''' — A drug that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter.

== Understanding ==
Synaptic transmission is a **Relay Race** between electricity and chemistry.

**1. The Arrival (Electrical)**:
An electrical "Action Potential" races down the axon. When it hits the end, it triggers the opening of "Calcium Channels."

**2. The Release (Chemical)**:
The calcium causes the **Vesicles** to fuse with the cell wall, dumping their neurotransmitters into the **Synaptic Cleft**. This is like a key being thrown across a room.

**3. The Binding (Reception)**:
The neurotransmitters find their specific **Receptors** on the next neuron (The "Lock").
* **Excitatory**: Opens gates that make the next neuron more likely to fire.
* **Inhibitory**: Opens gates that make the next neuron *less* likely to fire.

**4. The Cleanup (Resetting)**:
The brain must reset the synapse instantly. It does this via:
* **Reuptake**: Sucking the chemicals back in.
* **Enzymatic Degradation**: "Chopping up" the chemicals in the gap.
This ensures the signal is "crisp" and doesn't just hang around forever.

**The "Chemical Soup"**: Your mood and behavior are determined by the balance of these chemicals. Too much Dopamine can lead to Schizophrenia; too little can lead to Parkinson's. Many medications (like SSRIs for depression) work by changing the speed of this "Cleanup" phase.

== Applying ==
'''Modeling 'Synaptic Firing' (Threshold Logic):'''
<syntaxhighlight lang="python">
def will_neuron_fire(inputs):
"""
A neuron only fires if the total 'Excitatory' signal
outweighs the 'Inhibitory' signal past a threshold.
"""
threshold = 10
total_signal = sum(inputs) # Positive = Glutamate, Negative = GABA

if total_signal >= threshold:
return "FIRE: Action Potential triggered!"
else:
return "SILENT: Signal too weak or inhibited."

# Input from 5 neighbors
signals = [5, 6, -2, -3, 8]
print(will_neuron_fire(signals))
# This 'Digital' logic (On/Off) built from 'Analog' signals
# is how the brain computes complex thoughts.
</syntaxhighlight>

; Neurotransmitter Profiles
: '''Dopamine''' → "The Prediction Error." It fires when something is better than expected, driving you to repeat the behavior.
: '''Acetylcholine''' → Essential for muscle movement and "Focusing" attention during learning.
: '''Endorphins''' → The brain's natural "painkillers"; released during intense exercise (Runner's High) or stress.
: '''Oxytocin''' → "The Cuddle Hormone"; associated with social bonding, trust, and empathy.

== Analyzing ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Electrical vs. Chemical Communication
! Feature !! Within Neuron (Axon) !! Between Neurons (Synapse)
|-
| Speed || Very Fast (up to 120 m/s) || Relatively Slow (1-5 milliseconds)
|-
| Medium || Electricity (Ions) || Chemistry (Neurotransmitters)
|-
| Logic || All-or-Nothing (Binary) || Graded (More or Less chemical)
|-
| Flexibility || Low (Fixed path) || High (Can be tuned/changed)
|}

**The Concept of "Neurotransmission Modulation"**: Most drugs (legal and illegal) work here. Alcohol mimics GABA (increasing inhibition, which is why it's a "depressant"). Caffeine blocks Adenosine (the "sleepiness" chemical). Analyzing these "interferences" is the core of **Psychopharmacology**.

== Evaluating ==
Evaluating a neurotransmitter theory: (1) **Specificity**: Is the chemical only doing one thing, or is it used all over the body (which causes side effects)? (2) **Location**: Where in the brain is the transmission happening? (Dopamine in the "Movement" center vs. the "Reward" center). (3) **Time Scale**: Is the effect instant (Fast synaptic) or long-lasting (Neuromodulation)? (4) **Homeostasis**: How does the brain "push back" if we try to change its chemistry (leading to tolerance and withdrawal)?

== Creating ==
Future Frontiers: (1) **Wireless Brain Interfaces**: Using magnetic or light signals to trigger synaptic firing without wires. (2) **Designer Neurotransmitters**: Creating chemicals that only bind to specific, genetically-modified receptors (DREADDs). (3) **Artificial Synapses**: Building "Memristors" that mimic the learning behavior of real synapses for AI hardware. (4) **Synapse Mapping (The Connectome)**: Mapping every one of the 100 trillion synapses in the human brain to see exactly how "You" are wired.

[[Category:Neuroscience]]
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Chemistry]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:28, 23 April 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{BloomIntro}}		{{BloomIntro}}
	Synaptic Transmission is the process by which one neuron communicates with another. While electrical signals travel down a neuron like a wire, they cannot jump the tiny gap—the '''Synapse'''—between cells. To cross this gap, the brain converts the electrical signal into a chemical one called a '''Neurotransmitter'''. This chemical "messenger" travels across the gap and binds to the next neuron, triggering a new electrical signal. This complex dance of electricity and chemistry is the basis for every thought, emotion, and movement you have. It is the most fundamental unit of information processing in the human brain.		Synaptic Transmission is the process by which one neuron communicates with another. While electrical signals travel ''down'' a neuron like a wire, they cannot jump the tiny gap—the '''Synapse'''—between cells. To cross this gap, the brain converts the electrical signal into a chemical one called a '''Neurotransmitter'''. This chemical "messenger" travels across the gap and binds to the next neuron, triggering a new electrical signal. This complex dance of electricity and chemistry is the basis for every thought, emotion, and movement you have. It is the most fundamental unit of information processing in the human brain.

	== Remembering ==		== Remembering ==
Line 15:		Line 15:
	* '''Serotonin''' — A neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation, sleep, and appetite.		* '''Serotonin''' — A neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation, sleep, and appetite.
	* '''Glutamate''' — The primary "Excitatory" neurotransmitter (it tells the next neuron to fire).		* '''Glutamate''' — The primary "Excitatory" neurotransmitter (it tells the next neuron to fire).
	* '''GABA''' — The primary "Inhibitory" neurotransmitter (it tells the next neuron not to fire).		* '''GABA''' — The primary "Inhibitory" neurotransmitter (it tells the next neuron ''not'' to fire).
	* '''Agonist''' — A drug that mimics or increases the effect of a neurotransmitter.		* '''Agonist''' — A drug that mimics or increases the effect of a neurotransmitter.
	* '''Antagonist''' — A drug that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter.		* '''Antagonist''' — A drug that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter.
Line 31:		Line 31:
	The neurotransmitters find their specific '''Receptors''' on the next neuron (The "Lock").		The neurotransmitters find their specific '''Receptors''' on the next neuron (The "Lock").
	* '''Excitatory''': Opens gates that make the next neuron more likely to fire.		* '''Excitatory''': Opens gates that make the next neuron more likely to fire.
	* '''Inhibitory''': Opens gates that make the next neuron less likely to fire.		* '''Inhibitory''': Opens gates that make the next neuron ''less'' likely to fire.

	'''4. The Cleanup (Resetting)''':		'''4. The Cleanup (Resetting)''':