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	<title>Species Equality and the Philosophy of Interspecies Justice - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-05-06T14:28:41Z</updated>
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		<title>Wordpad: BloomWiki: Species Equality and the Philosophy of Interspecies Justice</title>
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		<updated>2026-04-25T01:58:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;BloomWiki: Species Equality and the Philosophy of Interspecies Justice&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 01:58, 25 April 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #4B0082; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{BloomIntro}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{BloomIntro}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Species Equality and the Philosophy of Interspecies Justice is the &amp;quot;Study of the Expanded Tribe&amp;quot;—the investigation of the &amp;quot;Philosophical and Ethical Field&amp;quot; (~20th Century–Present) of &amp;quot;Whether&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;How&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Moral Consideration&amp;quot; should &amp;quot;Be Extended&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Beyond&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Humanity&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;All Sentient Species&amp;quot; — &amp;quot;Animal,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Artificial,&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Alien&amp;quot; — and &amp;quot;What&amp;quot; &amp;quot;A Just&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Interspecies&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Relationship&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Would Look Like.&amp;quot; While &amp;quot;Human Ethics&amp;quot; (see Article 261) &amp;quot;Focuses&amp;quot; on &amp;quot;Relations Between Humans,&amp;quot; **Interspecies Justice** &amp;quot;Expands&amp;quot; the &amp;quot;Moral Circle&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Include&amp;quot; &amp;quot;All Sentient Beings.&amp;quot; From &amp;quot;Peter Singer&amp;#039;s&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Animal Liberation&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;The Great Ape Project&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;AI Personhood&amp;quot; (see Article 733) and &amp;quot;First Contact Ethics,&amp;quot; this field explores &amp;quot;The Broadest Possible&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Moral Community.&amp;quot; It is the science of &amp;quot;Inclusive Ethics,&amp;quot; explaining why &amp;quot;The Question&amp;quot; of **&amp;quot;Who Counts&amp;quot;** is &amp;quot;Never Finished&amp;quot;—and how &amp;quot;Each Era&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Expands&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The Circle&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Contracts&amp;quot; it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Species Equality and the Philosophy of Interspecies Justice is the &amp;quot;Study of the Expanded Tribe&amp;quot;—the investigation of the &amp;quot;Philosophical and Ethical Field&amp;quot; (~20th Century–Present) of &amp;quot;Whether&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;How&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Moral Consideration&amp;quot; should &amp;quot;Be Extended&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Beyond&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Humanity&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;All Sentient Species&amp;quot; — &amp;quot;Animal,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Artificial,&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Alien&amp;quot; — and &amp;quot;What&amp;quot; &amp;quot;A Just&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Interspecies&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Relationship&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Would Look Like.&amp;quot; While &amp;quot;Human Ethics&amp;quot; (see Article 261) &amp;quot;Focuses&amp;quot; on &amp;quot;Relations Between Humans,&amp;quot; **Interspecies Justice** &amp;quot;Expands&amp;quot; the &amp;quot;Moral Circle&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Include&amp;quot; &amp;quot;All Sentient Beings.&amp;quot; From &amp;quot;Peter Singer&amp;#039;s&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Animal Liberation&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;The Great Ape Project&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;AI Personhood&amp;quot; (see Article 733) and &amp;quot;First Contact Ethics,&amp;quot; this field explores &amp;quot;The Broadest Possible&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Moral Community.&amp;quot; It is the science of &amp;quot;Inclusive Ethics,&amp;quot; explaining why &amp;quot;The Question&amp;quot; of **&amp;quot;Who Counts&amp;quot;** is &amp;quot;Never Finished&amp;quot;—and how &amp;quot;Each Era&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Expands&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The Circle&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Contracts&amp;quot; it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Remembering ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;__TOC__&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;div style&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&quot;background-color: #000080; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;= &amp;lt;span style=&quot;color: #FFFFFF;&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;Remembering&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Moral Circle&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — &amp;quot;The Set&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Beings&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Considered&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Have&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Moral Status&amp;quot; — &amp;quot;Whose Interests&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Must Be Considered&amp;quot; in &amp;quot;Ethical Decision-Making.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Moral Circle&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — &amp;quot;The Set&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Beings&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Considered&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Have&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Moral Status&amp;quot; — &amp;quot;Whose Interests&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Must Be Considered&amp;quot; in &amp;quot;Ethical Decision-Making.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Speciesism&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — (Peter Singer). &amp;quot;Discrimination&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Based&amp;quot; on &amp;quot;Species Membership&amp;quot; — &amp;quot;Giving&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Preference&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;One Species&amp;quot; (Humans) &amp;quot;Simply Because&amp;quot; they &amp;quot;Are&amp;quot; &amp;quot;That Species.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Speciesism&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — (Peter Singer). &amp;quot;Discrimination&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Based&amp;quot; on &amp;quot;Species Membership&amp;quot; — &amp;quot;Giving&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Preference&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;One Species&amp;quot; (Humans) &amp;quot;Simply Because&amp;quot; they &amp;quot;Are&amp;quot; &amp;quot;That Species.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l13&quot;&gt;Line 13:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 18:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Wild Animal Suffering&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — &amp;quot;The Ethical Problem&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Whether&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Humans&amp;quot; have &amp;quot;An Obligation&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Reduce&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The Suffering&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Wild Animals&amp;quot; — &amp;quot;Not Just&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Animals&amp;quot; &amp;quot;In Human&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Care.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Wild Animal Suffering&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — &amp;quot;The Ethical Problem&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Whether&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Humans&amp;quot; have &amp;quot;An Obligation&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Reduce&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The Suffering&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Wild Animals&amp;quot; — &amp;quot;Not Just&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Animals&amp;quot; &amp;quot;In Human&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Care.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Moral Status&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — &amp;quot;The Property&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Being&amp;quot; &amp;quot;An Entity&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Whose Interests&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Must Be Given&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Weight&amp;quot; in &amp;quot;Moral&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Deliberation.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Moral Status&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — &amp;quot;The Property&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Being&amp;quot; &amp;quot;An Entity&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Whose Interests&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Must Be Given&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Weight&amp;quot; in &amp;quot;Moral&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Deliberation.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Understanding ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;div style&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&quot;background-color: #006400; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;= &amp;lt;span style=&quot;color: #FFFFFF;&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;Understanding&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Interspecies justice is understood through &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sentience&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Expansion&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Interspecies justice is understood through &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sentience&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Expansion&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l39&quot;&gt;Line 39:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 46:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The &amp;#039;Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness&amp;#039; (2012)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: &amp;quot;A Formal Scientific Statement&amp;quot; by &amp;quot;Leading Neuroscientists&amp;quot; (Signed at &amp;quot;A Conference&amp;quot; attended by &amp;quot;Stephen Hawking&amp;quot;) declaring that &amp;quot;Birds,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Mammals,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Octopuses,&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Other Animals&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Possess&amp;quot; the &amp;quot;Neurological Substrates&amp;quot; for **&amp;quot;Conscious Experience.&amp;quot;** It proved that &amp;quot;Animal Consciousness&amp;quot; is **&amp;quot;Scientific Consensus&amp;quot;** — &amp;quot;Making&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Speciesism&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Scientifically Indefensible.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The &amp;#039;Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness&amp;#039; (2012)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: &amp;quot;A Formal Scientific Statement&amp;quot; by &amp;quot;Leading Neuroscientists&amp;quot; (Signed at &amp;quot;A Conference&amp;quot; attended by &amp;quot;Stephen Hawking&amp;quot;) declaring that &amp;quot;Birds,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Mammals,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Octopuses,&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Other Animals&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Possess&amp;quot; the &amp;quot;Neurological Substrates&amp;quot; for **&amp;quot;Conscious Experience.&amp;quot;** It proved that &amp;quot;Animal Consciousness&amp;quot; is **&amp;quot;Scientific Consensus&amp;quot;** — &amp;quot;Making&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Speciesism&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Scientifically Indefensible.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Applying ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;div style&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&quot;background-color: #8B0000; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;= &amp;lt;span style=&quot;color: #FFFFFF;&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;Applying&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Modeling &amp;#039;The Moral Circle&amp;#039; (Evaluating &amp;#039;Moral Status&amp;#039; Across Species):&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Modeling &amp;#039;The Moral Circle&amp;#039; (Evaluating &amp;#039;Moral Status&amp;#039; Across Species):&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&amp;quot;python&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&amp;quot;python&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l75&quot;&gt;Line 75:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 84:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Argentina&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;Sandra&amp;#039; Ruling (2014)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; → &amp;quot;First&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Court&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Grant&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Non-Human Person Status&amp;quot;** to &amp;quot;An Orangutan.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Argentina&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;Sandra&amp;#039; Ruling (2014)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; → &amp;quot;First&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Court&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Grant&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Non-Human Person Status&amp;quot;** to &amp;quot;An Orangutan.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The &amp;#039;Cambridge Declaration&amp;#039; (2012)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; → &amp;quot;Scientific Consensus&amp;quot; that &amp;quot;Animals Have&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Conscious Experience.&amp;quot;**&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The &amp;#039;Cambridge Declaration&amp;#039; (2012)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; → &amp;quot;Scientific Consensus&amp;quot; that &amp;quot;Animals Have&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Conscious Experience.&amp;quot;**&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Analyzing ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;div style&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&quot;background-color: #8B4500; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;= &amp;lt;span style=&quot;color: #FFFFFF;&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;Analyzing&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|+ The Expanding Moral Circle: Historical Timeline&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|+ The Expanding Moral Circle: Historical Timeline&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l97&quot;&gt;Line 97:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 108:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Concept of &amp;quot;The Moral Arc&amp;quot;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: Analyzing &amp;quot;The Direction.&amp;quot; (See Article 699). &amp;quot;Martin Luther King Jr.&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Said&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The Arc of the Moral Universe is Long, But it Bends Toward Justice.&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The History&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;The Moral Circle&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Supports&amp;quot; this. &amp;quot;The Direction&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Expansion&amp;quot; is **&amp;quot;Clear.&amp;quot;** &amp;quot;The Question&amp;quot; is only **&amp;quot;Speed.&amp;quot;** &amp;quot;Every Generation&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Has&amp;quot; &amp;quot;A Moral Blind Spot.&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Ours&amp;quot; is likely **&amp;quot;Speciesism.&amp;quot;**&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Concept of &amp;quot;The Moral Arc&amp;quot;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: Analyzing &amp;quot;The Direction.&amp;quot; (See Article 699). &amp;quot;Martin Luther King Jr.&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Said&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The Arc of the Moral Universe is Long, But it Bends Toward Justice.&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The History&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;The Moral Circle&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Supports&amp;quot; this. &amp;quot;The Direction&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Expansion&amp;quot; is **&amp;quot;Clear.&amp;quot;** &amp;quot;The Question&amp;quot; is only **&amp;quot;Speed.&amp;quot;** &amp;quot;Every Generation&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Has&amp;quot; &amp;quot;A Moral Blind Spot.&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Ours&amp;quot; is likely **&amp;quot;Speciesism.&amp;quot;**&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Evaluating ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;div style&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&quot;background-color: #483D8B; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;= &amp;lt;span style=&quot;color: #FFFFFF;&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;Evaluating&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Evaluating Interspecies Justice:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Evaluating Interspecies Justice:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hierarchy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: Is &amp;quot;There&amp;quot; &amp;quot;A Morally Defensible&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Hierarchy&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Species&amp;quot; — or &amp;quot;Are All Sentient Beings&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Equal&amp;quot;** in &amp;quot;Moral Worth&amp;quot;?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hierarchy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: Is &amp;quot;There&amp;quot; &amp;quot;A Morally Defensible&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Hierarchy&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Species&amp;quot; — or &amp;quot;Are All Sentient Beings&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Equal&amp;quot;** in &amp;quot;Moral Worth&amp;quot;?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l104&quot;&gt;Line 104:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 117:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;AI&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: (See Article 733). Is &amp;quot;AI&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The Next&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Expansion&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;The Moral Circle&amp;quot; — and &amp;quot;How&amp;quot; do we &amp;quot;Know&amp;quot; when &amp;quot;It&amp;#039;s Time&amp;quot;?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;AI&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: (See Article 733). Is &amp;quot;AI&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The Next&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Expansion&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;The Moral Circle&amp;quot; — and &amp;quot;How&amp;quot; do we &amp;quot;Know&amp;quot; when &amp;quot;It&amp;#039;s Time&amp;quot;?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Impact&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: How does &amp;quot;Accepting&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Interspecies Justice&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Change&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Agriculture,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Research,&amp;quot;** and **&amp;quot;Space Exploration&amp;quot;**?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Impact&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: How does &amp;quot;Accepting&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Interspecies Justice&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Change&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Agriculture,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Research,&amp;quot;** and **&amp;quot;Space Exploration&amp;quot;**?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Creating ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;div style&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&quot;background-color: #2F4F4F; color: #FFFFFF; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;= &amp;lt;span style=&quot;color: #FFFFFF;&quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;Creating&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Future Frontiers:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Future Frontiers:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The &amp;#039;Interspecies&amp;#039; Ethics AI&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: (See Article 08). An &amp;quot;AI&amp;quot; that &amp;quot;Assesses&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;The Moral Status&amp;quot;** of &amp;quot;Any&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Entity&amp;quot; using &amp;quot;Multi-Criteria&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Sentience&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Evidence.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The &amp;#039;Interspecies&amp;#039; Ethics AI&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: (See Article 08). An &amp;quot;AI&amp;quot; that &amp;quot;Assesses&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;The Moral Status&amp;quot;** of &amp;quot;Any&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Entity&amp;quot; using &amp;quot;Multi-Criteria&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Sentience&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Evidence.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l122&quot;&gt;Line 122:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 137:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Universal Ethics]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Universal Ethics]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Animal Rights]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Animal Rights]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wordpad</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://bloomwiki.org/index.php?title=Species_Equality_and_the_Philosophy_of_Interspecies_Justice&amp;diff=2366&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Wordpad: BloomWiki: Species Equality and the Philosophy of Interspecies Justice</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://bloomwiki.org/index.php?title=Species_Equality_and_the_Philosophy_of_Interspecies_Justice&amp;diff=2366&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-04-23T18:41:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;BloomWiki: Species Equality and the Philosophy of Interspecies Justice&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{BloomIntro}}&lt;br /&gt;
Species Equality and the Philosophy of Interspecies Justice is the &amp;quot;Study of the Expanded Tribe&amp;quot;—the investigation of the &amp;quot;Philosophical and Ethical Field&amp;quot; (~20th Century–Present) of &amp;quot;Whether&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;How&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Moral Consideration&amp;quot; should &amp;quot;Be Extended&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Beyond&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Humanity&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;All Sentient Species&amp;quot; — &amp;quot;Animal,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Artificial,&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Alien&amp;quot; — and &amp;quot;What&amp;quot; &amp;quot;A Just&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Interspecies&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Relationship&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Would Look Like.&amp;quot; While &amp;quot;Human Ethics&amp;quot; (see Article 261) &amp;quot;Focuses&amp;quot; on &amp;quot;Relations Between Humans,&amp;quot; **Interspecies Justice** &amp;quot;Expands&amp;quot; the &amp;quot;Moral Circle&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Include&amp;quot; &amp;quot;All Sentient Beings.&amp;quot; From &amp;quot;Peter Singer&amp;#039;s&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Animal Liberation&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;The Great Ape Project&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;AI Personhood&amp;quot; (see Article 733) and &amp;quot;First Contact Ethics,&amp;quot; this field explores &amp;quot;The Broadest Possible&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Moral Community.&amp;quot; It is the science of &amp;quot;Inclusive Ethics,&amp;quot; explaining why &amp;quot;The Question&amp;quot; of **&amp;quot;Who Counts&amp;quot;** is &amp;quot;Never Finished&amp;quot;—and how &amp;quot;Each Era&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Expands&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The Circle&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Contracts&amp;quot; it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Remembering ==&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Moral Circle&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — &amp;quot;The Set&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Beings&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Considered&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Have&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Moral Status&amp;quot; — &amp;quot;Whose Interests&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Must Be Considered&amp;quot; in &amp;quot;Ethical Decision-Making.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Speciesism&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — (Peter Singer). &amp;quot;Discrimination&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Based&amp;quot; on &amp;quot;Species Membership&amp;quot; — &amp;quot;Giving&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Preference&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;One Species&amp;quot; (Humans) &amp;quot;Simply Because&amp;quot; they &amp;quot;Are&amp;quot; &amp;quot;That Species.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Great Ape Project&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — (Peter Singer &amp;amp; Paola Cavalieri, 1993). &amp;quot;A Campaign&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Extend&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Basic&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Human Rights&amp;quot; (Life, Liberty, Freedom from Torture) to &amp;quot;The Non-Human Great Apes.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sentience&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — &amp;quot;The Capacity&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Have&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Subjective Experiences&amp;quot; — &amp;quot;To Feel&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Pleasure&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Pain&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;The Morally Relevant&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Criterion&amp;quot; for &amp;quot;Singer&amp;#039;s Ethics.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The &amp;#039;Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (2012) — &amp;quot;A Scientific Statement&amp;quot; by &amp;quot;Leading Neuroscientists&amp;quot; that **&amp;quot;Non-Human Animals&amp;quot;** (Including &amp;quot;Octopuses,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Birds,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Mammals&amp;quot;) &amp;quot;Possess&amp;quot; the &amp;quot;Neurological&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Substrates&amp;quot; for &amp;quot;Conscious States.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;First Contact Ethics&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — &amp;quot;The Philosophy&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;How&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Humanity&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Should Behave&amp;quot; if it &amp;quot;Encounters&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Intelligent&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Extraterrestrial Life&amp;quot; (see Article 703).&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Interspecies Justice&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — &amp;quot;The Extension&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Justice&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Principles&amp;quot; (Fairness, Rights, Non-Harm) to &amp;quot;Relations&amp;quot; between &amp;quot;Different Species.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Intrinsic Value of Non-Human Life&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — &amp;quot;The View&amp;quot; (see Article 665) that &amp;quot;Non-Human Beings&amp;quot; have &amp;quot;Value&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Independent&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Their Usefulness&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Humans.&amp;quot;**&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Wild Animal Suffering&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — &amp;quot;The Ethical Problem&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Whether&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Humans&amp;quot; have &amp;quot;An Obligation&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Reduce&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The Suffering&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Wild Animals&amp;quot; — &amp;quot;Not Just&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Animals&amp;quot; &amp;quot;In Human&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Care.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Moral Status&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; — &amp;quot;The Property&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Being&amp;quot; &amp;quot;An Entity&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Whose Interests&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Must Be Given&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Weight&amp;quot; in &amp;quot;Moral&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Deliberation.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Understanding ==&lt;br /&gt;
Interspecies justice is understood through &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sentience&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Expansion&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;1. The &amp;quot;Circle&amp;quot; Argument (Singer&amp;#039;s Ethics)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;If it can suffer, it matters.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* (See Article 665). **&amp;quot;Peter Singer&amp;quot;** &amp;quot;Argues&amp;quot; that &amp;quot;The Capacity&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Suffer&amp;quot; is &amp;quot;The Only&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Morally Relevant&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Criterion.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* **&amp;quot;Race,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Gender,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Species&amp;quot;** — &amp;quot;All Are&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Morally Irrelevant.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Giving&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Less Weight&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;A Pig&amp;#039;s Suffering&amp;quot; than &amp;quot;A Human&amp;#039;s&amp;quot; simply &amp;quot;Because&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The Pig Is&amp;quot; &amp;quot;A Pig&amp;quot; is **&amp;quot;Speciesism&amp;quot;** — &amp;quot;Morally Equivalent&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Racism.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Suffering&amp;quot; is **&amp;quot;The Currency of Ethics.&amp;quot;**&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;2. The &amp;quot;Ape&amp;quot; Precedent (Great Ape Rights)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Chimpanzees share 99% of our DNA — and our capacity for suffering.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* (See Article 693). &amp;quot;The Great Ape Project&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Campaigns&amp;quot; for &amp;quot;Basic Rights&amp;quot; for &amp;quot;Chimpanzees,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Bonobos,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Gorillas,&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Orangutans.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Argentina&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Granted&amp;quot; &amp;quot;An Orangutan&amp;quot; (Sandra) **&amp;quot;Non-Human Person Status&amp;quot;** in 2014.&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Spain&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Passed&amp;quot; &amp;quot;A Resolution&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Protecting&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Great Apes&amp;quot; from &amp;quot;Experimentation.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;The Circle&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Is Expanding.&amp;quot;**&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;3. The &amp;quot;Alien&amp;quot; Extension (First Contact)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;What do we owe intelligence we did not create?&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* (See Article 703). &amp;quot;If&amp;quot; &amp;quot;We Encounter&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Intelligent&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Extraterrestrial Life,&amp;quot; our &amp;quot;Moral Framework&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Must&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Extend&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Them.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;A Civilization&amp;quot; &amp;quot;That Has&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Not Learned&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Treat&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Earth&amp;#039;s Animals&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Justly&amp;quot; is &amp;quot;Unlikely&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Treat&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Aliens&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Justly.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* **&amp;quot;Interspecies Justice&amp;quot;** on &amp;quot;Earth&amp;quot; is &amp;quot;The Training Ground&amp;quot; for &amp;quot;Cosmic Ethics.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Our Treatment&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Other Species&amp;quot; is **&amp;quot;A Measure&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Our Civilization.&amp;quot;**&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The &amp;#039;Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness&amp;#039; (2012)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: &amp;quot;A Formal Scientific Statement&amp;quot; by &amp;quot;Leading Neuroscientists&amp;quot; (Signed at &amp;quot;A Conference&amp;quot; attended by &amp;quot;Stephen Hawking&amp;quot;) declaring that &amp;quot;Birds,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Mammals,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Octopuses,&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Other Animals&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Possess&amp;quot; the &amp;quot;Neurological Substrates&amp;quot; for **&amp;quot;Conscious Experience.&amp;quot;** It proved that &amp;quot;Animal Consciousness&amp;quot; is **&amp;quot;Scientific Consensus&amp;quot;** — &amp;quot;Making&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Speciesism&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Scientifically Indefensible.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Applying ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Modeling &amp;#039;The Moral Circle&amp;#039; (Evaluating &amp;#039;Moral Status&amp;#039; Across Species):&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&amp;quot;python&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
def evaluate_moral_status(species, sentience_evidence, social_bonds, &lt;br /&gt;
                           self_awareness, suffering_capacity):&lt;br /&gt;
    &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    Multi-criteria moral status assessment across species.&lt;br /&gt;
    &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    score = (sentience_evidence * 0.35 + social_bonds * 0.2 +&lt;br /&gt;
             self_awareness * 0.25 + suffering_capacity * 0.2)&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;br /&gt;
    if score &amp;gt; 80:&lt;br /&gt;
        tier = &amp;quot;FULL MORAL PATIENT. Rights comparable to human rights warranted.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    elif score &amp;gt; 60:&lt;br /&gt;
        tier = &amp;quot;HIGH MORAL STATUS. Strong legal protections required.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    elif score &amp;gt; 40:&lt;br /&gt;
        tier = &amp;quot;MODERATE STATUS. Anti-cruelty laws and welfare standards apply.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    elif score &amp;gt; 20:&lt;br /&gt;
        tier = &amp;quot;LOW STATUS. Some welfare consideration appropriate.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    else:&lt;br /&gt;
        tier = &amp;quot;MINIMAL STATUS. Basic sentience uncertain.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    &lt;br /&gt;
    return f&amp;quot;Species: {species} | Score: {round(score, 1)}/100\n  → {tier}&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
print(evaluate_moral_status(&amp;quot;Chimpanzee&amp;quot;, 95, 90, 85, 95))&lt;br /&gt;
print(evaluate_moral_status(&amp;quot;Octopus&amp;quot;,    75, 40, 60, 80))&lt;br /&gt;
print(evaluate_moral_status(&amp;quot;Bee&amp;quot;,        30, 20, 10, 40))&lt;br /&gt;
print(evaluate_moral_status(&amp;quot;Hypothetical Alien (Phi=3.0)&amp;quot;, 99, 99, 99, 99))&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/syntaxhighlight&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
; Ethical Landmarks&lt;br /&gt;
: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Singer&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Animal Liberation&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (1975)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; → &amp;quot;The Founding&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Text&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;The Modern&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Animal Rights&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Movement.&amp;quot;**&lt;br /&gt;
: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The &amp;#039;Great Ape Project&amp;#039; (1993)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; → &amp;quot;Campaigning&amp;quot; for &amp;quot;Rights&amp;quot; for &amp;quot;Our Closest&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Non-Human Relatives.&amp;quot;**&lt;br /&gt;
: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Argentina&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;Sandra&amp;#039; Ruling (2014)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; → &amp;quot;First&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Court&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Grant&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Non-Human Person Status&amp;quot;** to &amp;quot;An Orangutan.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The &amp;#039;Cambridge Declaration&amp;#039; (2012)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; → &amp;quot;Scientific Consensus&amp;quot; that &amp;quot;Animals Have&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Conscious Experience.&amp;quot;**&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Analyzing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ The Expanding Moral Circle: Historical Timeline&lt;br /&gt;
! Era !! Circle Boundary !! Key Expansion&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Ancient || &amp;quot;Own tribe&amp;quot; || &amp;quot;Tribal ethics&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Classical || &amp;quot;Citizens of the polis&amp;quot; || &amp;quot;Aristotle&amp;#039;s political animals&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Enlightenment || &amp;quot;All humans (in principle)&amp;quot; || &amp;quot;Universal human rights&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 19th Century || &amp;quot;All humans (in practice)&amp;quot; || &amp;quot;Abolition of slavery&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 20th Century || &amp;quot;Animals (partial)&amp;quot; || &amp;quot;Animal welfare laws&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 21st Century || &amp;quot;Sentient animals + AI?&amp;quot; || &amp;quot;Great Ape Project, Cambridge Declaration, AI rights&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| Future || &amp;quot;All sentient beings?&amp;quot; || &amp;quot;Interspecies justice, Cosmic ethics&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Concept of &amp;quot;The Moral Arc&amp;quot;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: Analyzing &amp;quot;The Direction.&amp;quot; (See Article 699). &amp;quot;Martin Luther King Jr.&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Said&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The Arc of the Moral Universe is Long, But it Bends Toward Justice.&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The History&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;The Moral Circle&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Supports&amp;quot; this. &amp;quot;The Direction&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Expansion&amp;quot; is **&amp;quot;Clear.&amp;quot;** &amp;quot;The Question&amp;quot; is only **&amp;quot;Speed.&amp;quot;** &amp;quot;Every Generation&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Has&amp;quot; &amp;quot;A Moral Blind Spot.&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Ours&amp;quot; is likely **&amp;quot;Speciesism.&amp;quot;**&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Evaluating ==&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluating Interspecies Justice:&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hierarchy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: Is &amp;quot;There&amp;quot; &amp;quot;A Morally Defensible&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Hierarchy&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Species&amp;quot; — or &amp;quot;Are All Sentient Beings&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Equal&amp;quot;** in &amp;quot;Moral Worth&amp;quot;?&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Wild Suffering&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: Do &amp;quot;Humans&amp;quot; have &amp;quot;An Obligation&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Reduce&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Wild Animal Suffering&amp;quot;** — or &amp;quot;Should We Leave Nature Alone&amp;quot;?&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;AI&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: (See Article 733). Is &amp;quot;AI&amp;quot; &amp;quot;The Next&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Expansion&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;The Moral Circle&amp;quot; — and &amp;quot;How&amp;quot; do we &amp;quot;Know&amp;quot; when &amp;quot;It&amp;#039;s Time&amp;quot;?&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Impact&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: How does &amp;quot;Accepting&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Interspecies Justice&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Change&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Agriculture,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Research,&amp;quot;** and **&amp;quot;Space Exploration&amp;quot;**?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Creating ==&lt;br /&gt;
Future Frontiers:&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The &amp;#039;Interspecies&amp;#039; Ethics AI&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: (See Article 08). An &amp;quot;AI&amp;quot; that &amp;quot;Assesses&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;The Moral Status&amp;quot;** of &amp;quot;Any&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Entity&amp;quot; using &amp;quot;Multi-Criteria&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Sentience&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Evidence.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;VR &amp;#039;Interspecies&amp;#039; Experience&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: (See Article 604). A &amp;quot;Walkthrough&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Experiencing&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;The World&amp;quot;** from &amp;quot;The Perspective&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;A Chimpanzee,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Octopus,&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Hypothetical Alien.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;The &amp;#039;Moral Circle&amp;#039; Ledger&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: (See Article 533). A &amp;quot;Blockchain&amp;quot; for **&amp;quot;Recording&amp;quot;** &amp;quot;Scientific Evidence&amp;quot; for &amp;quot;Animal Sentience&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;Inform&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Legal Protections.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Global &amp;#039;Interspecies&amp;#039; Rights Treaty&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: (See Article 630). A &amp;quot;Planetary&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Framework&amp;quot; extending &amp;quot;Basic&amp;quot; **&amp;quot;Rights&amp;quot;** to &amp;quot;All&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Beings&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Demonstrated&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Sentience.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Arts]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Science]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Philosophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ethics]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Biology]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Law]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Future Studies]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Universal Ethics]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Animal Rights]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wordpad</name></author>
	</entry>
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