Editing Social Choice Theory (section)

== <span style="color: #FFFFFF;">Applying</span> ==
'''Modeling 'The Borda Count' (Calculating a winner from ranks):'''
<syntaxhighlight lang="python">
def calculate_borda_winner(votes):
    """
    1st place = 2 pts, 2nd = 1 pt, 3rd = 0 pts
    """
    scores = {'A': 0, 'B': 0, 'C': 0}
    
    for vote in votes:
        scores[vote[0]] += 2 # 1st choice
        scores[vote[1]] += 1 # 2nd choice
        # 3rd choice gets 0
        
    return scores

# 3 Voters:
v1 = ['A', 'B', 'C']
v2 = ['B', 'C', 'A']
v3 = ['C', 'B', 'A']

print(f"Borda Scores: {calculate_borda_winner([v1, v2, v3])}")
# Result: B wins (4 pts) even though A, B, and C each had 
# one '1st place' vote. B wins because they were everyone's 2nd choice.
</syntaxhighlight>

; Voting Landmarks
: '''The 2000 US Election''' → A classic example of the "Spoiler Effect" (IIA violation), where Ralph Nader's presence potentially changed the outcome between Bush and Gore.
: '''Nobel Prize (1972)''' → Kenneth Arrow won the Nobel for proving that "Perfect Democracy" is mathematically impossible.
: '''Alaska & Maine''' → The first US states to adopt "Ranked Choice Voting" to try to fix some of the flaws of the standard system.
: '''The Jury Theorem''' → Condorcet's positive theory: a group of people is more likely to be right than a single expert, provided each person is at least 51% likely to be right.
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