Editing Philosophy Of Language (section)

== <span style="color: #FFFFFF;">Applying</span> ==
'''Implementing Gricean implicature detection:'''
<syntaxhighlight lang="python">
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import Optional

@dataclass
class Utterance:
    """Represents a linguistic utterance with its context."""
    literal_content: str
    speaker_context: dict = field(default_factory=dict)
    conversational_context: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)

class GriceanAnalyzer:
    """
    Analyze utterances for Gricean implicatures.
    Based on Grice's maxims: Quantity, Quality, Relation, Manner.
    """
    MAXIMS = {
        'quantity': 'Make your contribution as informative as required (but not more so)',
        'quality': 'Do not say what you believe to be false or lack evidence for',
        'relation': 'Be relevant',
        'manner': 'Avoid obscurity, ambiguity; be brief and orderly'
    }
    
    @staticmethod
    def analyze(utterance: Utterance, question_under_discussion: str) -> dict:
        return {
            'literal': utterance.literal_content,
            'question_under_discussion': question_under_discussion,
            'implicature_source': 'Relevance maxim violation or scalar implicature',
            'derived_implicature': GriceanAnalyzer._derive_implicature(utterance, question_under_discussion)
        }
    
    @staticmethod
    def _derive_implicature(utterance: Utterance, qud: str) -> str:
        # Scalar implicature: "some" implicates "not all"
        if 'some' in utterance.literal_content:
            return f"Not all [scalar implicature: 'some' on scale <some, many, most, all>]"
        # Relevance implicature: indirect answers
        if utterance.literal_content.endswith('?'):
            return "Genuine question, no implicature"
        # Common indirect speech act
        if utterance.literal_content.startswith("Can you"):
            return f"Request: please do [action]"
        return "No clear implicature — literal reading"

# Classic examples
examples = [
    (Utterance("Some students passed the exam"), "Did all students pass?"),
    (Utterance("Can you pass the salt?"), "I need the salt"),
    (Utterance("It's getting cold in here"), "I am comfortable/warm"),
    (Utterance("John has three children"), "Does John have exactly three?"),
]

for utterance, qud in examples:
    result = GriceanAnalyzer.analyze(utterance, qud)
    print(f"\nUtterance: '{result['literal']}'")
    print(f"QUD: '{result['question_under_discussion']}'")
    print(f"Implicature: {result['derived_implicature']}")

# Kripke's causal-historical reference: simulating name grounding
class CausalChainReference:
    """
    Model Kripke's causal-historical theory of reference.
    A name refers to the object it was first attached to through a chain of uses.
    """
    def __init__(self):
        self.chains: dict[str, dict] = {}
    
    def baptize(self, name: str, object_id: str, context: str):
        """Initial baptism establishes reference."""
        self.chains[name] = {'original_referent': object_id, 'context': context, 'links': [context]}
    
    def transmit(self, name: str, new_speaker: str):
        """Transmission through the causal chain — reference preserved."""
        if name in self.chains:
            self.chains[name]['links'].append(new_speaker)
    
    def what_does_it_refer_to(self, name: str) -> str:
        """The name rigidly refers back to the original baptized object."""
        if name in self.chains:
            return f"'{name}' rigidly refers to: {self.chains[name]['original_referent']} " \
                   f"(grounded at: {self.chains[name]['context']})"
        return f"'{name}' has no established reference"

ref_model = CausalChainReference()
ref_model.baptize("Aristotle", "the_philosopher_born_384BCE", "Stagira, 384 BCE")
ref_model.transmit("Aristotle", "Theophrastus (pupil)")
ref_model.transmit("Aristotle", "medieval scholars")
ref_model.transmit("Aristotle", "modern philosophers")
print(ref_model.what_does_it_refer_to("Aristotle"))
# Even though we associate many descriptions with "Aristotle", the name refers
# to the specific individual at the end of the causal chain
</syntaxhighlight>

; Key texts and thinkers
: '''Sense and reference''' → Frege ("On Sense and Reference", 1892)
: '''Description theory''' → Bertrand Russell ("On Denoting", 1905; ''Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy'')
: '''Naming and Necessity''' → Saul Kripke (1980) — rigid designators, necessary a posteriori
: '''Meaning as use''' → Wittgenstein (''Philosophical Investigations'', 1953)
: '''Speech act theory''' → J.L. Austin (''How to Do Things with Words''), Searle (''Speech Acts'')
: '''Implicature''' → H.P. Grice ("Logic and Conversation", 1975)
: '''Natural Kind Terms''' → Hilary Putnam ("The Meaning of 'Meaning'", 1975) — "meanings ain't in the head"
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