Editing Evolution and Natural Selection (section)

== <span style="color: #FFFFFF;">Applying</span> ==
'''Simulating Allele Frequency Change (Selection):'''
<syntaxhighlight lang="python">
import random

def simulate_generation(pop_size, p_freq, selection_coefficient):
    """
    p_freq: Frequency of allele A (favorable)
    selection_coefficient: Advantage of A over a (0 to 1)
    """
    next_gen_p = 0
    # Simplified haploid model
    for _ in range(pop_size):
        # Pick an allele based on current frequency
        allele = 'A' if random.random() < p_freq else 'a'
        
        # Selection step: if 'A', always survive. If 'a', might die.
        if allele == 'a' and random.random() < selection_coefficient:
            # This 'a' individual dies; replace it with 'A' from a survivor
            allele = 'A'
            
        if allele == 'A': next_gen_p += 1
            
    return next_gen_p / pop_size

# Start with 10% frequency of favorable allele
freq = 0.1
for i in range(10):
    freq = simulate_generation(1000, freq, 0.05)
    print(f"Gen {i+1}: Frequency of favorable allele = {freq:.3f}")
# Watch how a 5% advantage takes over the population.
</syntaxhighlight>

; Evidence for Evolution
: '''The Fossil Record''' → Transition fossils like *Archaeopteryx* (dinosaur to bird) or *Tiktaalik* (fish to tetrapod).
: '''Biogeography''' → Species on islands resembling those on the nearest mainland (e.g., Darwin's Finches).
: '''Molecular Biology''' → Comparing DNA sequences; humans and chimps share ~98% of their coding DNA.
: '''Direct Observation''' → Antibiotic resistance in bacteria or the shift in peppered moth coloration during the Industrial Revolution.
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