Editing Scientific Method (section)

== <span style="color: #FFFFFF;">Understanding</span> ==
The Scientific Method is understood through '''Demarcation''' and '''Evolution'''.

'''1. The Demarcation Problem (Science vs. Pseudoscience)''':
How do we know if something is "Science"?
* '''Karl Popper''' argued that the key is '''Falsifiability'''. If a theory can explain "everything" (like Astrology), it isn't science. To be science, you must be able to say: "If this experiment fails, my theory is wrong."

'''2. The Logic of Discovery''':
* '''Induction''': I saw 100 white swans -> All swans are white. (Useful, but can be wrong).
* '''Deduction''': All birds have feathers; this is a bird -> This has feathers. (Always true if the premise is true).
Science uses '''Induction''' to create theories and '''Deduction''' to test them.

'''3. How Science Progresses''':
* '''Thomas Kuhn''' argued that science isn't a slow, steady climb. It's a series of "Quiet Periods" (Normal Science) interrupted by "Explosions" (Scientific Revolutions). When enough "Anomalies" (facts that don't fit the theory) build up, the old theory is thrown away for a new one (a '''Paradigm Shift''').

'''The Underdetermination of Theory''': This is the idea that the data we have is never enough to prove ''only one'' theory. There could always be another, weirder theory that also explains the data. This is why scientists prefer the "Simplest" explanation (Occam's Razor).
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