Editing Operating Systems (section)

== <span style="color: #FFFFFF;">Understanding</span> ==
The OS is a "Bureaucracy" that manages three main areas: '''CPU Time''', '''Memory''', and '''I/O (Input/Output)'''.

'''1. Process Management''': Your computer might have 100 programs open, but only a few CPU cores. The OS performs "Time Slicing"—it gives each program a few milliseconds of CPU time, then "context switches" to the next one so fast that it ''looks'' like they are all running at once.

'''2. Memory Management''': To prevent one program from crashing the whole system, the OS gives each process its own "Virtual Address Space." The program thinks it has all the memory to itself, but the OS is secretly mapping those addresses to different parts of physical RAM.

'''3. The Kernel vs. User Space''': The "Kernel" is the only part allowed to talk to the hardware. When a program wants to save a file, it can't just write to the disk; it must ask the OS via a '''System Call'''. This provides security and stability.

'''Monolithic vs. Microkernel''':
* '''Monolithic''' (Linux, Windows): Most services run inside the kernel for speed.
* '''Microkernel''' (macOS/Darwin): Only the essentials run in the kernel; other services (like drivers) run in "User Space" for stability.
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