Editing Philosophy Of Language (section)

== <span style="color: #FFFFFF;">Remembering</span> ==
* '''Philosophy of language''' — The philosophical study of the nature, origins, and use of language; how language relates to thought and reality.
* '''Meaning (semantics)''' — What linguistic expressions mean; the object of philosophical analysis.
* '''Reference''' — The relationship between a linguistic expression and what it stands for in the world.
* '''Sense and reference (Frege)''' — Frege's distinction: "the morning star" and "the evening star" have the same reference (Venus) but different senses (modes of presentation).
* '''Description theory (Russell)''' — Proper names are disguised definite descriptions; "Aristotle" = "the teacher of Alexander who...".
* '''Direct reference theory''' — Names refer directly to their objects without mediation by a description; Kripke, Putnam.
* '''Rigid designator''' — Kripke's term: a term that refers to the same object in all possible worlds (names, natural kind terms); vs. flaccid designators (descriptions).
* '''Meaning as use (Wittgenstein)''' — "The meaning of a word is its use in the language" (''Philosophical Investigations''); meaning is determined by practice.
* '''Language games''' — Wittgenstein's concept: language is embedded in forms of life; meaning varies across different language games.
* '''Speech act theory''' — J.L. Austin: utterances do things, not just describe things; illocutionary acts (promising, commanding, asserting).
* '''Illocutionary force''' — What a speaker does in making an utterance: asserting, questioning, promising, ordering.
* '''Conversational implicature (Grice)''' — What is communicated but not literally said; derived from the cooperative principle and its maxims.
* '''Gricean maxims''' — Quantity, quality, relation (relevance), manner — norms governing cooperative conversation.
* '''Propositional content''' — The truth-apt content of a sentence; what can be true or false.
* '''Tarski's truth theory''' — A formal definition of truth: "Snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white.
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