Editing Epistemology (section)

== <span style="color: #FFFFFF;">Remembering</span> ==
* '''Epistemology''' — The branch of philosophy studying knowledge: what it is, how it is acquired, and what its limits are.
* '''Knowledge''' — Traditionally defined as justified true belief (JTB); Gettier cases challenged this definition.
* '''Justified True Belief (JTB)''' — Plato's classic analysis: S knows P if and only if P is true, S believes P, and S is justified in believing P.
* '''Gettier problem''' — Edmund Gettier (1963) showed JTB is insufficient for knowledge using cases where all three conditions are met yet knowledge is intuitively absent.
* '''A priori knowledge''' — Knowledge obtainable independently of experience, through reason alone; e.g., mathematical truths.
* '''A posteriori (empirical) knowledge''' — Knowledge derived from experience and observation; e.g., scientific facts.
* '''Rationalism''' — The view that reason is the primary source of knowledge; associated with Descartes, Leibniz, Spinoza.
* '''Empiricism''' — The view that sensory experience is the primary source of knowledge; associated with Locke, Berkeley, Hume.
* '''Skepticism''' — The view that knowledge is impossible, limited, or uncertain; Descartes used skepticism methodologically.
* '''Foundationalism''' — The view that knowledge rests on basic, self-evident foundational beliefs from which others are derived.
* '''Coherentism''' — The view that beliefs are justified by their coherence with a web of other beliefs; no isolated foundation.
* '''Reliabilism''' — Knowledge requires beliefs formed by reliable cognitive processes; Goldman's key contribution.
* '''Epistemic virtue''' — Character traits conducive to knowledge: open-mindedness, intellectual humility, thoroughness.
* '''Social epistemology''' — Studies how social structures, testimony, and institutions affect knowledge production and distribution.
* '''Fallibilism''' — The view that knowledge is possible even if certainty is not; most of our beliefs could be wrong but still count as knowledge.
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