Editing AI for Ophthalmology (section)

== <span style="color: #FFFFFF;">Remembering</span> ==
* '''Diabetic retinopathy (DR)''' — Damage to retinal blood vessels from diabetes; leading cause of blindness in working-age adults; highly amenable to AI screening.
* '''Glaucoma''' — Optic nerve damage causing visual field loss; detected by AI from optic disc analysis and OCT nerve fiber layer thickness.
* '''Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)''' — Degeneration of the macula (central retina); leading cause of blindness in elderly; AI detects and grades severity.
* '''Fundus photograph''' — Non-invasive color photo of the retina; primary modality for DR and AMD screening.
* '''OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography)''' — High-resolution cross-sectional imaging of retinal layers; essential for AMD and glaucoma assessment.
* '''International Clinical DR scale''' — Standardized severity grading (0–4) for DR; AI automates this grading.
* '''IDx-DR''' — First FDA-authorized AI diagnostic device (2018); autonomously detects more-than-mild DR from fundus photos.
* '''Google DeepMind (retinal AI)''' — Foundational 2016 paper demonstrating AI matching ophthalmologist DR grading accuracy.
* '''Diabetic macular edema (DME)''' — Fluid accumulation in the macula from diabetic retinopathy; key finding requiring treatment.
* '''VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)''' — Target of anti-VEGF injections for AMD and DME; AI predicts treatment response.
* '''Optic disc''' — The point where the optic nerve enters the retina; key feature for glaucoma assessment.
* '''Cup-to-disc ratio (CDR)''' — Ratio of optic cup to optic disc diameter; elevated CDR is a glaucoma risk indicator.
* '''Choroidal thickness''' — Measured by OCT; biomarker for multiple retinal diseases.
* '''EyePACS''' — A large-scale retinal image dataset used to train DR screening AI; >1M images.
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